How to use fbs

Depending on your operating system, this may require you to first install some tools.

Today forex bonuses

Mherrmann / fbs-tutorial, how to use fbs.

Please read on for OS-specific instructions. To run the basic pyqt application from source, execute the following command:

How to use fbs

This tutorial shows how you can use fbs to create a simple python GUI and an associated installer:

You can follow this tutorial on windows, mac or linux. Only python 3.5 or 3.6 will work. Other versions will likely give errors.

Create a virtual environment in the current directory:

Activate the virtual environment:

The remainder of the tutorial assumes that the virtual environment is active.

Install the required libraries (most notably, fbs and pyqt5 ):

(if this produces errors, try pip install wheel first.)

You can also use qt for python instead of pyqt. To do this, simply write pyside2 instead of pyqt5 throughout this tutorial. For the above, use pip install pyside2==5.12.0 .

Execute the following command to start a new fbs project:

This asks you a few questions. You can for instance use tutorial as the app name and your name as the author.

The command creates a new folder called src/ in your current directory. This folder contains the minimum configuration for a bare-bones pyqt app.

To run the basic pyqt application from source, execute the following command:

This shows a (admittedly not very exciting) window. Screenshots on windows/mac/ubuntu:

Source code of the sample app

Let's now take a look at the source code of the pyqt app that was generated. It is at src/main/python/main.Py :

The important steps are highlighted as comments. They're the only boilerplate that's required. In the middle of the code, you can see that a window is being created, resized and then shown.

We want to turn the source code of our app into a standalone executable that can be run on your users' computers. In the context of python applications, this process is called "freezing".

Use the following command to turn the app's source code into a standalone executable:

This creates the folder target/tutorial . You can copy this directory to any other computer (with the same OS as yours) and run the app there! Isn't that awesome?

Desktop applications are normally distributed by means of an installer. On windows, this would be an executable called tutorialsetup.Exe . On mac, mountable disk images such as tutorial.Dmg are commonly used. On linux, .Deb files are common on ubuntu, .Rpm on fedora / centos, and .Pkg.Tar.Xz on arch.

Fbs lets you generate each of the above packages via the command:

Depending on your operating system, this may require you to first install some tools. Please read on for OS-specific instructions.

Before you can use the installer command on windows, please install NSIS and add its installation directory to your PATH environment variable.

The installer is created at target/tutorialsetup.Exe . It lets your users pick the installation directory and adds your app to the start menu. It also creates an entry in windows' list of installed programs. Your users can use this to uninstall your app. The following screenshots show these steps in action:

On mac, the installer command generates the file target/tutorial.Dmg . When your users open it, they see the following volume:

To install your app, your users simply drag its icon to the applications folder (also shown in the volume).

On linux, the installer command requires that you have fpm. You can for instance follow these instructions to install it.

Depending on your linux distribution, fbs creates the installer at target/tutorial.Deb , . Pkg.Tar.Xz or . Rpm . Your users can use these files to install your app with their respective package manager.

A more interesting example

We will now create a more powerful example. Here's what it looks like on windows:

When you click on the button in the window, a new quote is fetched from the internet and displayed above.

Before you can run this example, you need to install the python requests library. To do this, type in the following command:

The source code of the new app consists of two files:

Please copy the former over the existing file in src/main/python/ , and the latter into the new directory src/main/resources/base/ . If you are using pyside2 instead of pyqt, you have to replace all occurrences of pyqt5 in main.Py by pyside2 .

Once you have followed these steps, you can do fbs run (or fbs freeze etc.) as before.

The new app uses the following code to fetch quotes from the internet:

You can see that it uses the requests library we just installed above. Feel free to open build-system.Fman.Io/quote in the browser to get a feel for what it returns. Its data comes from a public database.

The app follows the same basic steps as before. It instantiates an application context and ends by calling appctxt.App.Exec_() :

What's different is what happens in between:

The first line uses get_resource(. ) to obtain the path to styles.Qss . This is a QSS file, qt's equivalent to CSS. The next line reads its contents and sets them as the stylesheet of the application context's .App .

Fbs ensures that get_resource(. ) works both when running from source (i.E. During fbs run ) and when running the compiled form of your app. In the former case, the returned path is in src/main/resources . In the latter, it will be in your app's installation directory. Fbs handles the corresponding details transparently.

The next-to-last line instantiates mainwindow . This new class sets up the text field for the quote and the button. When the button is clicked, it changes the contents of the text field using _get_quote() above. You can find the full code in main.Py .

As already mentioned, you can use fbs run to run the new app. But here's what's really cool: you can also do fbs freeze and fbs installer to distribute it to other computers. Fbs includes the requests dependency and the styles.Qss file automatically.

Fbs lets you use python and qt to create desktop applications for windows, mac and linux. It can create installers for your app, and automatically handles the packaging of third-party libraries and data files. These things normally take weeks to figure out. Fbs gives them to you in minutes instead.

Fbs's manual explains the technical foundation of the steps in this tutorial. Read it to find out more about fbs's required directory structure, dependency management, handling of data files, custom build commands, API and more.

If you have not used pyqt before: it's the library that allowed us in the above examples to use qt (a GUI framework) from python. Fbs's contribution is not to combine python and qt. It's to make it very easy to package and deploy pyqt-based apps to your users' computers. For an introduction to pyqt, see here.

Feel free to share the link to this tutorial! If you are not yet on fbs's mailing list and want to be notified as it evolves, sign up here.

About

Tutorial for creating python/qt guis with fbs

Understand the basics of fetal bovine serum (FBS)

What is fetal bovine serum (FBS)?

What is FBS used for?

Who uses FBS?

FBS promotes robust culture

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) provides the most robust culture system for the widest range of cell types both cell lines and primary cells.

FBS is a source of:

Growth and attachment factors for cells

Lipids

Hormones

Nutrients and energy sources necessary for growth

Carriers

Buffering capacity/protection – ph shifts, proteases, toxins

Binding and transfer proteins

It’s important to note:

Typically used at a concentration of 5–10% in a basal medium

FBS composition is undefined, and varies from lot-to-lot

Important factors to consider in FBS selection

FBS protects cells from:

Large ph shifts

Proteases

Toxic agents

Shear forces

Agents that would typically break up monolayers of adherent cells (FBS acts to inactivate these agents)

Cell growth in the presence of quality FBS is typically:

Rapid

Consistent and reproducible

Lacking in undesirable changes in differentiation

Not hampered by the introduction of detrimental contaminants

Researcher’s primary concerns regarding FBS:

Supply continuity

Lot-to-lot consistency

Reproducible results

Price fluctuation

Product integrity

Interested in learning more and expanding your knowledge of FBS basics?

Refer to our in-depth guides below to learn more about FBS collection, applications, and more.

Market scenarios that drive FBS availability and price

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a byproduct of the meat industry. No one can influence the amount of FBS available. Drought, high feed prices and high beef demand leads to more available FBS. When farmers are rebuilding their herds, there is less FBS on the market. The result? The price and availability of FBS can be difficult to predict.

This video explains the market dynamics of the FBS/sera industry on how there are many aspects (i.E., climate) that impact the industry, especially the price.

Important terms to know when evaluating FBS

terms	definitions
9CFR virus testing	virus panel testing according code of federal regulations, (CFR), title 9, part 113.53 (c) [113.46, 113.47]. Detected by fluorescent antibody.
Biochemical and hormone profile	quantification of biochemical and hormonal (estradiol, insulin, progesterone, testosterone, and thyroxine) profiling that may have impact on cell culture.
BSE status	BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a disease for which the OIE (the world organisation for animal health) has established official recognition of the sanitary status of countries and zones. Regions that have negligible risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) have lesser biosafety risk for import.
EMA virus testing	virus panel testing according code of federal regulations, (CFR), title 9, part 113.53 (c) [113.46, 113.47]. Detected by fluorescent antibody.
Endotoxin testing	endotoxin is directly related to the quality of collection and processing of serum, the higher the level, the more introduction to gram-negative bacteria.
Filtration	triple (0.1 µm) filtration: aseptic process that has been validated to ensure that all products meet the industry standard sterility assurance level of 10 -3 .
Haemoglobin/hemoglobin	indicator of proper and/or improper collection and processing of blood and/or serum.
Mycoplasma and mycoplasma supplemental testing (H-stain)	direct culture and hoechst stain. Testing indicates mycoplasma - not detected.
Origin confirmation	we use a proprietary sera fingerprinting technology for gibco sera to confirm FBS origin and eliminate the potential for counterfeit product. Learn more
osmolality	osmolality of FBS, a measure of the concentration of solutes like salts and sugars, should be similar to culture media to avoid osmotic shock that may impact cell viability.
Performance: relative growth promotion (RGP)	the growth promotion assay measures the ability of each FBS lot to support proliferation of fastidious human diploid fibroblasts through multiple subcultures.
Ph: relative ph promotion	serum acts as a buffer in the cell culture system; the ph is tested to ensure accurate cell culture quality and performance.
Total protein	FBS is rich in a variety of proteins that can impact cultured cells; the total protein in serum is measured by taking a chemistry panel of the serum.
Traceability	complete traceability back to original source. ISIA traceability certified. Learn more

Standard bovine definitions

terms	definitions
serum	serum is the liquid fraction of clotted blood. It is depleted of cells, fibrin and clotting factors. Serum differs from plasma in that anti-coagulant is never added to the blood after collection from the animal. Serum is prepared by centrifuging until the clot and remaining blood cells are separated from the liquid phase. The serum is then removed and stored frozen pending further processing.
Fetal bovine serum	semi-processed fetal bovine serum fetal bovine serum (FBS) is obtained as described above from the blood of fetuses of healthy, pre-partum bovine dams that have been ante- and/or post-mortem veterinary inspection. It is collected in abattoirs inspected by the competent authority in the country of origin. Fetal blood is collected aseptically using cardiac puncture, thereby reducing the risk of microbial contamination and resultant endotoxins. Collection occurs in an area of the abattoir specifically set aside for this purpose to minimize the risk of contamination by other fluids.
Specialty fetal bovine serum	this is semi-processed FBS or sterile filtered FBS that has been subjected to one or more modification processes. Examples are dialyzed, charcoal stripped, ultra-low igg, ES cell, MSC and exosome-depleted.
Newborn calf serum	newborn calf serum (NBCS) is defined as the liquid fraction of clotted blood derived from healthy, slaughtered bovine calves aged less than 20 days, deemed fit for human consumption through ante- and/or post- mortem inspection. It is collected in abattoirs inspected by the competent authority of the country of origin. There are no deletions or additions (including preservatives) allowed.
Donor bovine serum (also known donor calf serum)	donor-sourced bovine serum (DBS) is defined as the liquid fraction of clotted blood derived from healthy cattle 12 months of age or older from controlled donor herds whose health status is confirmed by regular inspection by competent, legally authorized veterinarians.
Bovine serum (also known as adult bovine or calf serum)	bovine serum is defined as the liquid fraction of clotted blood derived from healthy, slaughtered cattle 12 months of age or older, deemed to be fit for human consumption by ante- and/or post- mortem inspection. It is collected in abattoirs inspected by the competent authority of the country of origin.

Customer stories using fetal bovine serum

Watch the videos: gibco FBS—the benefits of using our serum for your research

What is fetal bovine serum

If you have asked, “what is fetal bovine serum and what is it used for?” you are not alone. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is the liquid fraction remaining after the blood drawn from bovine fetus coagulates. 1 through centrifugation, cells, coagulation fibrinogens, and proteins are removed to produce serum.

Although fetal bovine serum has cells and clotting factors removed, over a thousand components conducive to cell growth remain, including:

Attachment factors

Growth factors

Hormones

Lipids

Spreading factors

Sugars

Transport proteins

Vitamins

Categories of bovine serum

Bovine serum is classified according to the age of the animal from which the blood was collected: 2

Fetal bovine serum is sourced from fetuses.

Newborn bovine serum is sourced from calves less than twenty days of age.

Calf bovine serum is sourced from calves aged between three weeks to 12 months.

Adult bovine serum is sourced from cows more than 12 months old.

Donor bovine serum can be sourced from cattle 12 months or older.
- Donor cattle are raised in a specific, controlled herd solely for blood donation.

The age of the animal is a noteworthy characteristic because it can impact the composition of the blood and, consequently, the serum.

Why fetal bovine serum?

Wondering what fetal bovine serum does and how it’s used in research? While other animal sera (e.G., horse, rabbit, goat, porcine, etc.) are available and utilized, fetal bovine serum remains the most universally employed. Fetal bovine serum contains a sparse amount of gamma globulin, higher levels of growth factors, and fewer complement proteins than both calf and adult bovine serum.

This makes FBS ideal for propagating cell growth while also decreasing the possibility of mammalian cells binding or lysing in the culture, rationalizing the preference of fetal bovine over newborn, donor, or adult bovine serum.

What is fetal bovine serum used for?

In which case, it’s likely you’re wondering “what is fetal bovine serum used for? What purpose does it serve?

In the late 1950s, theodore puck first introduced the use of FBS with the purpose of encouraging cellular proliferation. For several decades, the use of fetal bovine serum has been ubiquitous across laboratories worldwide. Its popularity has continued to lay in its indispensability as a supplement in cell and tissue culture applications.

Research, pharmaceutical, and biotechnical manufacturing have relied on FBS’s valuable properties. Its uses include but are not limited to:

Animal diagnostics

Biotechnology research and production

Cloning

Cryo-preservation

Stem-cell research

Vaccine production

Although fetal bovine serum collection has wide application, it is most frequently sought after for in vitro cell culture of eukaryotic cells. 3 supplementing culture media with animal serum primarily aids in:

Stimulating cell differentiation

Supplying hormone factors for cell proliferation and growth

Providing nutrients, trace elements, transport proteins, adherence, and extension factors

Cultivating a suitable environment for growth with stabilizing and detoxifying factors

How is fetal bovine serum collected?

The general procedure for fetal bovine serum collection includes the following phases:

As a byproduct of the meatpacking industry, fetal blood is collected at the time of harvest from abattoirs where cows pass both veterinary pre- and post-mortem inspections

Fetal bovine blood is collected from deceased pregnant cows in government approved facilities

Blood is drawn via cardiac puncture from the expired fetus in a closed, aseptic system using best practices to regulate hemoglobin and endotoxin levels

The blood is refrigerated to encourage clotting

Blood is then processed into raw serum

FBS should always be stored at ≤-10°C until its intended use

How is FBS processed?

While the process of fetal bovine blood collection is simple, the careful and controlled processing of FBS can be particularly extensive, depending on its intended useand required testing.

Raw serum is frozen in aseptic canisters until further processing.

Raw serum is thawed.

Pre and final sterile filtration through a series of membrane filters.

Serum is frozen, immediately following filtration.

Final step is full quality testing

While filter pores can remove fungi and bacteria, they are unable to eradicate viruses. So, each batch is viral tested. Depending on customer requirements, the serum may be gamma irradiated to deactivate viral load.

Examples of testing conducted include:

Endotoxin testing

Hemoglobin

Mycoplasma testing

Osmolality

Performance (growth)

Total protein

9CFR virus testing

EMA virus testing (on selected lots)

Each stage of treatment is stringently documented for every batch, but customers are also able to test products prior to purchasing. Based on application, additional tests may be conducted.

In addition to gamma irradiation, there are several special treatments sera may undergo:

Charcoal treatment—activated carbon binds to lipophilic molecules and therefore used to remove hormones (e.G., androgen, cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, etc.) that often impede immunoassay systems and insulin examination procedures.

Dialyzed—removes any molecule less than 10,000 MW, including antibiotics, amino acids, cytokines, glucose, and hormones.

Heat inactivation—by placing FBS in a water bath at 56 degrees celsius for thirty minutes, inhibitors are deactivated. Yet, it is not a recommended treatment for most cell cultures since it can disable growth factors and cause precipitates to form.

Low igg—capture chromatography can significantly decrease igg content.

How should fetal bovine serum be stored?

As a biological substance, FBS must be taken care of and appropriately stored to avoid degradation. The most effective manner of storage is by keeping the sera frozen.

Stored at ≤-10 degrees celsius

Thawed between 2 to 8 degrees celsius

Stored and transported in consistent conditions to prevent deterioration

Who regulates FBS?

Government agencies (DEFRA, USDA, MPI, DAWR etc) set animal by-product standards and the requirements/regulations for the import and export of those products globally.

However, certain geographical regions have varying levels of viral risk. FBS imported from canada and new zealand into the US, for instance, require no further safety testing by the USDA. On the other hand, australian sourced FBS must be tested for two viruses, akabane and bluetongue. Mexican and central american FBS also require USDA safety testing for bluetongue upon import into the US.

The international serum industry association (ISIA) was established in 2006 to regulate the animal serum industry. 4 ISIA created standards that require precise examination and verification of quality. The four key focus areas are:

Education—to inform animal serum users and producers

Regulation—to assist in the development of governance of the industry

Standardization—to systematize import/export, standards, and testing methodology

Traceability—to improve and promote the ISIA traceability program

How does ISIA implement its traceability program?

The ISIA traceability program previously mentioned is not a required measure but a process that companies undergo willingly to certify serum traceability. 5 ISIA approved and trained auditors will identify and report discrepancies from the first to the very last stage of FBS production. Review of records are required for certification.

Following the completion of the audit, qualified businesses may receive certification attesting to its fulfillment of standards. ISIA ultimately endorses that product labels and descriptions are accurate and authentic.

Fingerprinting technology

In addition to the ISIA traceability program, fingerprinting technology has been innovated to push transparency in the sera collection and distribution process. Produced by oritain, fetal bovine serum fingerprinting technology takes the measurements of natural elements absorbed by animals, plants, and soil, and then constructs a fingerprint.

There are three stages to the collection process:

Samples of the product are obtained.

Samples are analyzed.

Fingerprints are stored in a database for authenticity.

This fingerprint allows verification of each serum’s origin. The origins of sera are crucial because bovine blood must only be sourced from countries with an approved animal health status, as well as from licensed facilities. Thus, via fingerprinting, consumers can be reassured that their products are genuine and from the geographic location as advertised.

The future of fetal bovine serum

Within recent years, the price of FBS has increased by over 300% in response to growing demand and restricted availability. 6 its supply is largely dependent on environmental factors and federal farming guidelines.

While there has been an uptick in contenders for FBS alternatives, there has yet to be conclusive results to demonstrate comparable efficacy.

However, the quality, safety, consistency, and regulatory compliance of thermo fisher scientific products including sera are warranted. We ensure that our gibco products undergo strict testing parameters, including ISIA traceability certified, and fingerprinting origin guaranteed.

Remain informed about fetal bovine serum and rely on thermo fisher scientific for a trustworthy source of FBS.

Python and qt:
simplified!

Python and qt are great for writing cross-platform desktop apps.
But packaging, code signing, installers and automatic updates are a pain.
Fbs solves these problems and saves you months of development.

Python qt GUI

Fbs is the fastest way to create a python GUI. It solves common pain points such as packaging and deployment. Based on python and qt, fbs is a lightweight alternative to electron.

Easy packaging

Unlike other solutions, fbs makes packaging easy. Create an installer for your app in seconds and distribute it to your users – on windows, mac and linux!

Open source

Fbs's source code is available on github. You can use it for free in open source projects licensed under the GPL. Commercial licenses are also offered. More information below.

Battle-tested

Applications built with fbs have been installed on tens of thousands of machines. It encapsulates years of experience. This ensures your app runs on your users' computers.

Get started

The best place to get started with fbs is the tutorial. All you need is a text editor and python 3. In 15 minutes, you will create a simple app and an installer. Everybody who takes the tutorial says it's a breeze!

Licensing

You can use fbs for free in open source projects that are licensed under the GPL. If you don't want to open your code up to the public, you can purchase a commercial license for EUR 449 per developer:

If you have questions about licensing fbs, please contact .

When using fbs, there are two other projects whose licensing terms you need to obey: qt and one of its python bindings. Qt can typically be used for free under the terms of the LGPL. On the other hand, the pyqt python binding is only available under the GPL. To comply with its license, you need to open source your application itself under the GPL, or buy a commercial pyqt license. You can avoid this by using pyside2 instead of pyqt, but support for it in fbs is not yet as mature as for pyqt.

Under the hood

Instead of reinventing the wheel, fbs builds on well-tested solutions: pyqt to use qt from python, pyinstaller for packaging, NSIS for windows installers, .Deb files on ubuntu. With fbs, you don't have to spend weeks integrating these technologies. It addresses common tasks such as shipping resource files and accessing them from within your application. Finally, it solves edge cases that only occur on some users' systems and would take time to figure out yourself.

Background

Fbs open sources solutions that were originally implemented for the cross-platform file manager fman. Months of fman's development went into creating installers for the various operating systems, code signing and automatic updates. Fbs gives you the same results in minutes instead of months.

Sunstar

FBS copytrade shares how to start investing without loss and risk

There is no need to know anything about the foreign exchange (forex) market and finances to begin a social trading career.

Investors can learn the tricks of the trade from professionals and skilled traders through a mobile app. The traders take a commission from their copiers and help the investors increase their supplemental income.

While it sounds great and easy, some people still feel uncomfortable about entrusting their investments even to professionals.

This is why the FBS copytrade team provides the opportunity to enter the world of social trading and easy investments without any efforts.

The FBS copytrade app is a unique product in the social trading and investing platform because it created a feature to make it a pleasant and comfortable experience for those entering the forex world for the first time.

The feature is called вђњrisk-free investments,вђќ and the name speaks for itself. It is created for those who have always wanted to start investing but have a fear of failure and significant loss.

Every new user in the FBS copytrade app can make three risk-free investments in three different traders during the first two weeks after downloading the app. These investments must be up to $100 and with a fixed вђњstop lossвђќ indicator of 10 percent.

After the registration and ID verification, the users can try all the app's major tools and gain experience in investing wisely and profitably. The best thing about it is that the investors have no reason to worry. FBS copytrade guarantees that it refunds the users all they may lose, making risk-free investments. If the users lose something, they will get it back after the closing of all the risk-free orders. Itвђ™s that simple.

If one is thinking about investing, this is the best time to begin. SPONSORED CONTENT

Understand the basics of fetal bovine serum (FBS)

What is fetal bovine serum (FBS)?

What is FBS used for?

Who uses FBS?

FBS promotes robust culture

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) provides the most robust culture system for the widest range of cell types both cell lines and primary cells.

FBS is a source of:

Growth and attachment factors for cells

Lipids

Hormones

Nutrients and energy sources necessary for growth

Carriers

Buffering capacity/protection – ph shifts, proteases, toxins

Binding and transfer proteins

It’s important to note:

Typically used at a concentration of 5–10% in a basal medium

FBS composition is undefined, and varies from lot-to-lot

Important factors to consider in FBS selection

FBS protects cells from:

Large ph shifts

Proteases

Toxic agents

Shear forces

Agents that would typically break up monolayers of adherent cells (FBS acts to inactivate these agents)

Cell growth in the presence of quality FBS is typically:

Rapid

Consistent and reproducible

Lacking in undesirable changes in differentiation

Not hampered by the introduction of detrimental contaminants

Researcher’s primary concerns regarding FBS:

Supply continuity

Lot-to-lot consistency

Reproducible results

Price fluctuation

Product integrity

Interested in learning more and expanding your knowledge of FBS basics?

Refer to our in-depth guides below to learn more about FBS collection, applications, and more.

Market scenarios that drive FBS availability and price

This video explains the market dynamics of the FBS/sera industry on how there are many aspects (i.E., climate) that impact the industry, especially the price.

Important terms to know when evaluating FBS

terms	definitions
9CFR virus testing	virus panel testing according code of federal regulations, (CFR), title 9, part 113.53 (c) [113.46, 113.47]. Detected by fluorescent antibody.
Biochemical and hormone profile	quantification of biochemical and hormonal (estradiol, insulin, progesterone, testosterone, and thyroxine) profiling that may have impact on cell culture.
BSE status	BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a disease for which the OIE (the world organisation for animal health) has established official recognition of the sanitary status of countries and zones. Regions that have negligible risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) have lesser biosafety risk for import.
EMA virus testing	virus panel testing according code of federal regulations, (CFR), title 9, part 113.53 (c) [113.46, 113.47]. Detected by fluorescent antibody.
Endotoxin testing	endotoxin is directly related to the quality of collection and processing of serum, the higher the level, the more introduction to gram-negative bacteria.
Filtration	triple (0.1 µm) filtration: aseptic process that has been validated to ensure that all products meet the industry standard sterility assurance level of 10 -3 .
Haemoglobin/hemoglobin	indicator of proper and/or improper collection and processing of blood and/or serum.
Mycoplasma and mycoplasma supplemental testing (H-stain)	direct culture and hoechst stain. Testing indicates mycoplasma - not detected.
Origin confirmation	we use a proprietary sera fingerprinting technology for gibco sera to confirm FBS origin and eliminate the potential for counterfeit product. Learn more
osmolality	osmolality of FBS, a measure of the concentration of solutes like salts and sugars, should be similar to culture media to avoid osmotic shock that may impact cell viability.
Performance: relative growth promotion (RGP)	the growth promotion assay measures the ability of each FBS lot to support proliferation of fastidious human diploid fibroblasts through multiple subcultures.
Ph: relative ph promotion	serum acts as a buffer in the cell culture system; the ph is tested to ensure accurate cell culture quality and performance.
Total protein	FBS is rich in a variety of proteins that can impact cultured cells; the total protein in serum is measured by taking a chemistry panel of the serum.
Traceability	complete traceability back to original source. ISIA traceability certified. Learn more

Standard bovine definitions

terms	definitions
serum	serum is the liquid fraction of clotted blood. It is depleted of cells, fibrin and clotting factors. Serum differs from plasma in that anti-coagulant is never added to the blood after collection from the animal. Serum is prepared by centrifuging until the clot and remaining blood cells are separated from the liquid phase. The serum is then removed and stored frozen pending further processing.
Fetal bovine serum	semi-processed fetal bovine serum fetal bovine serum (FBS) is obtained as described above from the blood of fetuses of healthy, pre-partum bovine dams that have been ante- and/or post-mortem veterinary inspection. It is collected in abattoirs inspected by the competent authority in the country of origin. Fetal blood is collected aseptically using cardiac puncture, thereby reducing the risk of microbial contamination and resultant endotoxins. Collection occurs in an area of the abattoir specifically set aside for this purpose to minimize the risk of contamination by other fluids.
Specialty fetal bovine serum	this is semi-processed FBS or sterile filtered FBS that has been subjected to one or more modification processes. Examples are dialyzed, charcoal stripped, ultra-low igg, ES cell, MSC and exosome-depleted.
Newborn calf serum	newborn calf serum (NBCS) is defined as the liquid fraction of clotted blood derived from healthy, slaughtered bovine calves aged less than 20 days, deemed fit for human consumption through ante- and/or post- mortem inspection. It is collected in abattoirs inspected by the competent authority of the country of origin. There are no deletions or additions (including preservatives) allowed.
Donor bovine serum (also known donor calf serum)	donor-sourced bovine serum (DBS) is defined as the liquid fraction of clotted blood derived from healthy cattle 12 months of age or older from controlled donor herds whose health status is confirmed by regular inspection by competent, legally authorized veterinarians.
Bovine serum (also known as adult bovine or calf serum)	bovine serum is defined as the liquid fraction of clotted blood derived from healthy, slaughtered cattle 12 months of age or older, deemed to be fit for human consumption by ante- and/or post- mortem inspection. It is collected in abattoirs inspected by the competent authority of the country of origin.

Customer stories using fetal bovine serum

Watch the videos: gibco FBS—the benefits of using our serum for your research

Pyqt5 tutorial

Learn how you can create a python GUI in 2021.

This pyqt5 tutorial shows how to use python 3 and qt to create a GUI on windows, mac or linux. It even covers creating an installer for your app.

What is pyqt5?

Pyqt is a library that lets you use the qt GUI framework from python. Qt itself is written in C++. By using it from python, you can build applications much more quickly while not sacrificing much of the speed of C++.

Pyqt5 refers to the most recent version 5 of qt. You may still find the occasional mention of (py)qt4 on the web, but it is old and no longer supported.

An interesting new competitor to pyqt is qt for python. Its API is virtually identical. Unlike pyqt, it is licensed under the LGPL and can thus be used for free in commercial projects. It's backed by the qt company, and thus likely the future. We use pyqt here because it is more mature. Since the apis are so similar, you can easily switch your apps to qt for python later.

Install pyqt

The best way to manage dependencies in python is via a virtual environment. A virtual environment is simply a local directory that contains the libraries for a specific project. This is unlike a system-wide installation of those libraries, which would affect all of your other projects as well.

To create a virtual environment in the current directory, execute the following command:

This creates the venv/ folder. To activate the virtual environment on windows, run:

You can see that the virtual environment is active by the (venv) prefix in your shell:

To now install pyqt, issue the following command:

The reason why we're using version 5.9.2 is that not all (py)qt releases are equally stable. This version is guaranteed to work. Besides this subtlety – congratulations! You've successfully set up pyqt5.

Create a GUI

Time to write our very first GUI app! With the virtual environment still active, start python. We will execute the following commands:

First, we tell python to load pyqt via the import statement:

Next, we create a qapplication with the command:

This is a requirement of qt: every GUI app must have exactly one instance of qapplication . Many parts of qt don't work until you have executed the above line. You will therefore need it in virtually every (py)qt app you write.

The brackets [] in the above line represent the command line arguments passed to the application. Because our app doesn't use any parameters, we leave the brackets empty.

Now, to actually see something, we create a simple label:

Then, we tell qt to show the label on the screen:

Depending on your operating system, this already opens a tiny little window:

The last step is to hand control over to qt and ask it to "run the application until the user closes it". This is done via the command:

If all this worked as expected then well done! You've just built your first GUI app with python and qt.

Widgets

Everything you see in a (py)qt app is a widget: buttons, labels, windows, dialogs, progress bars etc. Like HTML elements, widgets are often nested. For example, a window can contain a button, which in turn contains a label.

The following screenshot shows the most common qt widgets:

Top-to-bottom, left-to-right, they are:

You can download the code for the app shown in the screenshot here, if you are interested.

Layouts

Like the example above, your GUI will most likely consist of multiple widgets. In this case, you need to tell qt how to position them. For instance, you can use qvboxlayout to stack widgets vertically:

The code for this screenshot is:

As before, we instantiate a qapplication . Then, we create a window . We use the most basic type qwidget for it because it merely acts as a container and we don't want it to have any special behavior. Next, we create the layout and add two qpushbutton s to it. Finally, we tell the window to use this layout (and thus its contents). As in our first application, we end with calls to .Show() and app.Exec_() .

There are of course many other kinds of layouts (eg. Qhboxlayout to lay out items in a row). See qt's documentation for an overview.

Custom styles

One of qt's strengths is its support for custom styles. There are many mechanisms that let you customize the look and feel of your application. This section outlines a few.

Built-in styles

The coarsest way to change the appearance of your application is to set the global style. Recall the widgets screenshot above:

This uses a style called fusion . If you use the windows style instead, then it looks as follows:

To apply a style, use app.Setstyle(. ) :

The available styles depend on your platform but are usually 'fusion' , 'windows' , 'windowsvista' (windows only) and 'macintosh' (mac only).

Custom colors

If you like a style, but want to change its colors (eg. To a dark theme), then you can use qpalette and app.Setpalette(. ) . For example:

This changes the text color in buttons to red:

For a dark theme of the fusion style, see here.

Style sheets

In addition to the above, you can change the appearance of your application via style sheets. This is qt's analogue of CSS. We can use this for example to add some spacing:

For more information about style sheets, please see qt's documentation.

Signals / slots

Qt uses a mechanism called signals to let you react to events such as the user clicking a button. The following example illustrates this. It contains a button that, when clicked, shows a message box:

The interesting line is highlighted above: button.Clicked is a signal, .Connect(. ) lets us install a so-called slot on it. This is simply a function that gets called when the signal occurs. In the above example, our slot shows a message box.

The term slot is important when using qt from C++, because slots must be declared in a special way in C++. In python however, any function can be a slot – we saw this above. For this reason, the distinction between slots and "normal" functions has little relevance for us.

Signals are ubiquitous in qt. And of course, you can also define your own. This however is beyond the scope of this tutorial.

Compile your app

You now have the basic knowledge for creating a GUI that responds to user input. Say you've written an app. It runs on your computer. How do you give it to other people, so they can run it as well?

You could ask the users of your app to install python and pyqt like we did above, then give them your source code. But that is very tedious (and usually impractical). What we want instead is a standalone version of your app. That is, a binary executable that other people can run on their systems without having to install anything.

In the python world, the process of turning source code into a self-contained executable is called freezing. Although there are many libraries that address this issue – such as pyinstaller, py2exe, cx_freeze, bbfreze, py2app, . – freezing pyqt apps has traditionally been a surprisingly hard problem.

We will use a new library called fbs that lets you create standalone executables for pyqt apps. To install it, enter the command:

Then, execute the following:

This prompts you for a few values:

When you type in the suggested run command, an empty window should open:

This is a pyqt5 app just like the ones we have seen before. Its source code is in src/main/python/main.Py in your current directory. But here's the cool part: we can use fbs to turn it into a standalone executable!

This places a self-contained binary in the target/myapp/ folder of your current directory. You can send it to your friends (with the same OS as yours) and they will be able to run your app!

(please note that fbs currently targets python 3.5 or 3.6. If you have a different version and the above does not work, please install python 3.6 and try again. On macos, you can also install python 3.5 with homebrew.)

Bonus: create an installer

Fbs also lets you create an installer for your app via the command fbs installer :

(if you are on windows, you first need to install NSIS and place it on your PATH .)

For more information on how you can use fbs for your existing application, please see this article. Or fbs's tutorial.

Summary

If you have made it this far, then big congratulations. Hopefully, you now have a good idea of how pyqt (and its various parts) can be used to write a desktop application with python. We also saw how fbs lets you create standalone executables and installers.

Due to the popularity of this article, I wrote a pyqt5 book.

The book explains in more detail how you can create your own apps. Even phil thompson, the creator of pyqt, read the book and said it's "very good". So check it out!

Michael has been working with pyqt5 since 2016, when he started fman, a cross-platform file manager. Frustrated with the difficulties of creating a desktop app, michael open sourced fman's build system (fbs). It saves you months when creating python qt guis. Recently, michael also wrote a popular book about these two technologies.

كيف تستخدم مؤشرات الحجم في التداول؟

إذا كنت تتداول الأسهم، فأنت تملك معلومات حول أحجام التداول التي تقدمها البورصة. تسمح لك هذه المعلومات بمعرفة ما إذا كان لاعبو السوق يدعمون اتجاه السعر أم لا. في سوق العملات، الوضع مختلف، ولكن بإمكان المتداولين الحصول على أفكار ورؤى انطلاقا من الأحجام.

حجم التكة

تعتبر الفوركس سوقا لامركزية، لذا لا يمكن إحصاء جميع العقود وأحجامها كما هو الحال في أسواق الأسهم. نتيجة لذلك، يستخدم متداولو الفوركس مؤشرات حجم التكة.

التكة "tick" هي أي تغيير أو حركة واحدة في السعر صعودا أو هبوطا. تقيس منصة ميتاتريدر عدد التكات خلال فترة زمنية واحدة. وبالتالي من الممكن أن نرى مدى نشاط تداول السوق في لحظات معينة. بعبارة أخرى، لا نعرف ما إذا كان هناك ٥٠٠ أو ٥٠٠٠٠٠ صفقة خلال فترة زمنية معينة، ولكننا نعرف عدد التكات التي يتحرك فيها السعر. هذا هو حجم التكة، ومن الهام فهم طبيعته.

كيفية تطبيق حجم التكة

تقدم منصة ميتاتريدر عدة مؤشرات لحجم التكة. لتطبيقها، انقر فوق "إدراج"، ثم "مؤشرات" واختر "أحجام". هناك ٤ مؤشرات:

١. الأحجام

يظهر المؤشر عدد التغيرات في الأسعار (التكات) في كل فترة من الإطار الزمني المحدد. تظهر نطاقات "أشرطة" الحجم باللون الأخضر إذا كانت أكبر من سابقتها وباللون الأحمر إذا تراجع حجمها.

٢. مؤشر التنبؤ (OBV)

يتم تمثيل المؤشر على شكل خط. إذا كان سعر إغلاق الشمعدان الحالي أعلى من سابقه، تتم إضافة الحجم الحالي إلى OBV السابق ويرتفع الخط. إذا كان سعر إغلاق الشمعدان الحالي أقل من سابقه، يتم طرح الحجم الحالي من OBV السابق مما يجعل المؤشر ينخفض. من المفترض أن تغييرات OBV تسبق تغييرات الأسعار، لذلك يمكنها تقديم الإشارات.

٣. مؤشر التدفق النقدي (MFI)

يظهر هذا المؤشر المعدل الذي يتم فيه تجميع المال في أصل ثم سحبه منه. يمكن اعتباره نسخة من مؤشر القوة النسبية مع أخذ الأحجام بعين الاعتبار.

٤. التراكم / التوزيع

هذا مؤشر آخر يحسب على أساس السعر والحجم. كلما ارتفع الحجم، زادت مساهمة تغير السعر (لهذه الفترة الزمنية) في قيمة المؤشر.

استخدام الأحجام في التحليل الفني

يمكن لمؤشرات الحجم أن تؤدي مهاما مفيدة للغاية:

١. قياس قوة الترند

يعتبر الترند قويا عندما يتم تأكيده بارتفاع حجم التداول لأن ذلك يعني أن اهتمام السوق بهذا الترند مرتفع. وبالتالي، في الترند الصاعد، يجب أن يزيد الحجم عندما يرتفع السعر وينخفض عندما يتحرك السعر للأسفل، بينما في الترند الهابط فهذا يعني زيادة الحجم عندما يتحرك السعر للأسفل، وانخفاضه عندما يتحرك السعر للأعلى.

في الصورة أعلاه، يمكنك ملاحظة أن الحجم قد انخفض خلال التصحيحات في الترند الصاعد. في الجزء الأخير من الرسم البياني، لم يتم تأكيد القمة الجديدة بالحجم. هذا يعني انعكاسا محتملا للأسفل.

٢. رصد الانعكاسات في وقت مبكر

من الصعب دائما التمييز بين الانعكاس والتصحيح في مرحلة مبكرة. تساعد مؤشرات الحجم على القيام بذلك في وقت مبكر للانضمام إلى الترند الجديد في أبكر وقت ممكن.

قام السعر بتشكيل نموذج "الرأس والكتفين". كان حجم التداول منخفضا خلال القمة و أقل عند الكتف الثاني: وهو تأكيد على أن السوق لم تعد تملك القوة الكافية للارتفاع.

إذا كان هناك تباين بين السعر ومؤشر الحجم، فهي إشارة إلى انعكاس محتمل للترند الحالي.

٣. تأكيد الاختراق "البريك آوت"

عادة ما تكون الأحجام منخفضة خلال فترة الدمج "التوحيد". إذا كان اختراق نطاق ما مصحوبا بزيادة في الحجم، فهناك احتمال أكبر بأن يكون هذا اختراقا حقيقيا وليس وهميا.

ارتفع حجم التداول في اللحظة التي ارتفع فيها السعر فوق مستوى المقاومة. ساعد هذا السعر على مواصلة التحرك في اتجاه الاختراق.

٤. تحديد نطاقات "مستويات" دعم/مقاومة قوية

قد تمثل هذه المناطق التي يتداول فيها السعر بأحجام كبيرة عقبات كبيرة على طريق السعر، وبالتالي مستويات دخول وخروج جيدة للمتداولين.

لا تعتبر مؤشرات الحجم في ميتاتريدر مزودات مستقلة لإشارات التداول، ولكن يمكن استخدامها للتأكيد. رغم كل شيء، فإن ديناميات الحجم تخبرنا أفضل من أي شيء عن مدى نشاط التداول. هذه معلومات خاصة لا تقدمها المؤشرات الأخرى. وبالتالي، فإن مؤشرات الحجم تقدم بالتأكيد مساهمة كبيرة في نظام التداول الخاص بك.

Packaging pyqt5 apps with fbs

Distribute cross-platform GUI applications with the fman build system

Fbs is a cross-platform pyqt5 packaging system which supports building desktop applications for windows, mac and linux (ubuntu, fedora and arch). Built on top of pyinstaller it wraps some of the rough edges and defines a standard project structure which allows the build process to be entirely automated. The included resource API is particularly useful, simplifying the handling of external data files, images or third-party libraries — a common pain point when bundling apps.

This tutorial will take you through the steps of creating pyqt5 applications using fbs from scratch, and for converting existing projects over to the system. If you’re targeting multiple platforms with your app, it's definitely worth a look.

If you're impatient, you can grab the moonsweeper installers directly for windows, macos or linux (ubuntu).

Fbs is licensed under the GPL. This means you can use the fbs system for free in packages distributed with the GPL. For commercial (or other non-GPL) packages you must buy a commercial license. See the fbs licensing page for up-to-date information.

Fbs is built on top of pyinstaller. You can also use pyinstaller directly to package applications, see our packaging pyqt5 & pyside2 applications for windows, with pyinstaller tutorial.

Install requirements

Fbs works out of the box with both pyqt pyqt5 and qt for python pyside2 . The only other requirement is pyinstaller which handles the packaging itself. You can install these in a virtual environment (or your applications virtual environment) to keep your environment clean.

Fbs only supports python versions 3.5 and 3.6

Once created, activate the virtual environment by running from the command line —

Finally, install the required libraries. For pyqt5 you would use —

Or for qt for python (pyside2) —

Fbs installs a command line tool fbs into your path which provides access to all fbs management commands. To see the complete list of commands available run fbs .

Now you're ready to start packaging applications with fbs.

Starting an app

If you’re starting a pyqt5 application from scratch, you can use the fbs startproject management command to create a complete, working and packageable application stub in the current folder. This has the benefit of allowing you to test (and continue to test) the packageability of your application as you develop it, rather than leaving it to the end.

The command walks you through a few questions, allowing you to fill in details of your application. These values will be written into your app source and configuration. The bare-bones app will be created under the src/ folder in the current directory.

If you already have your own working pyqt5 app you will need to either a) use the generated app as a guideline for converting yours to the same structure, or b) create a new app using `startproject` and migrate the code over.

Running your new project

You can run this new application using the following fbs command in the same folder you ran startproject from.

If everything is working this should show you a small empty window with your apps' title — exciting eh?

Hello world app on windows

Hello world app on mac

Hello world app on linux

The application structure

The startproject command generates the required folder structure for a fbs pyqt5 application. This includes a src/build which contains the build settings for your package, main/icons which contains the application icons, and src/python for the source.

Your bare-bones pyqt5 application is generated in src/main/python/main.Py and is a complete working example you can use to base your own code on.

If you’ve built pyqt5 applications before you’ll notice that building an application with fbs introduces a new concept — the applicationcontext .

The applicationcontext

When building pyqt5 applications there are typically a number of components or resources that are used throughout your app. These are commonly stored in the qmainwindow or as global vars which can get a bit messy as your application grows. The applicationcontext provides a central location for initialising and storing these components, as well as providing access to some core fbs features.

The applicationcontext object also creates and holds a reference to a global qapplication object — available under applicationcontext.App . Every qt application must have one (and only one) qapplication to hold the event loop and core settings. Without fbs you would usually define this at the base of your script, and call .Exec() to start the event loop.

Without fbs this would look something like this —

The equivalent with fbs would be —

If you want to create your own custom `qapplication` initialisation you can overwrite the `.App` property on your `applicationcontext` subclass using `cached_property` (see below).

This basic example is clear to follow. However, once you start adding custom styles and translations to your application the initialisation can grow quite a bit. To keep things nicely structured fbs recommends creating a .Run method on your applicationcontext .

This method should handle the setup of your application, such as creating and showing a window, finally starting up the event loop on the .App object. This final step is performed by calling self.App.Exec_() at the end of the method.

As your initialisation gets more complicated you can break out subsections into separate methods for clarity, for example —

On execution the `.Run()` method will be called and your event loop started. Execution continues in this event loop until the application is exited, at which point your `.Run()` method will return (with the appropriate exit code).

Building a real application

The bare-bones application doesn’t do very much, so below we’ll look at something more complete — the moonsweeper application from my 15 minute apps. The updated source code is available to download below.

Only the changes required to convert moonsweeper over to fbs are covered here. If you want to see how_ moonsweeper_ itself works, see the original app article. The custom application icons were created using icon art by freepik.

The project follows the same basic structure as for the stub application we created above.

The src/build/settings/base.Json stores the basic details about the application, including the entry point to run the app with fbs run or once packaged.

The script entry point is at the base of src/main/python/main.Py . This creates the appcontext object and calls the .Run() method to start up the app.

The applicationcontext defines a .Run() method to handle initialisation. In this case that consists of creating and showing the main window, then starting up the event loop.

The cached_property decorator

The .Run() method accesses self.Main_window . You’ll notice that this method is wrapped in an fbs @cached_property decorator. This decorator turns the method into a property (like the python @property decorator) and caches the return value.

The first time the property is accessed the method is executed and the return value cached. On subsequent calls, the cached value is returned directly without executing anything. This also has the side-effect of postponing creation of these objects until they are needed.

You can use @cached_property to define each application component (a window, a toolbar, a database connection or other resources). However, you don’t have to use the @cached_property — you could alternatively declare all properties in your applicationcontext.__init__ block as shown below.

Accessing resources with .Get_resource

Applications usually require additional data files beyond the source code — for example files icons, images, styles (qt’s .Qss files) or documentation. You may also want to bundle platform-specific libraries or binaries. To simplify this fbs defines a folder structure and access method which work seamlessly across development and distributed versions.

The top level folder resources/ should contain a folder base plus any combination of the other folders shown below. The base folder contains files common to all platforms, while the platform-specific folders can be used for any files specific to a given OS.

Getting files into the right place to load from a distributed app across all platforms is usually one of the faffiest bits of distributing pyqt applications. It’s really handy that fbs handles this for you.

To simplify the loading of resources from your resources/ folder in your applications fbs provides the applicationcontext.Get_resource() method. This method takes the name of a file which can be found somewhere in the resources/ folder and returns the absolute path to that file. You can use this returned absolute path to open the file as normal.

In our moonsweeper application above, we have a bomb image file available at src/main/resources/base/images/bug.Jpg . By calling ctx.Get_resource('images/bug.Png') we get the absolute path to that image file on the filesystem, allowing us to open the file within our app.

If the file does not exist `filenotfounderror` will be raised instead.

The handy thing about this method is that it transparently handles the platform folders under src/main/resources giving OS-specific files precedence. For example, if the same file was also present under src/main/resources/mac/images/bug.Jpg and we called ctx.Get_resource('images/bug.Jpg') we would get the mac version of the file.

Additionally get_resource works both when running from source and when running a frozen or installed version of your application. If your resources/ load correctly locally you can be confident they will load correctly in your distributed applications.

Using the applicationcontext from app

As shown above, our applicationcontext object has cached properties to load and return the resources. To allow us to access these from our qmainwindow we can pass the context in and store a reference to it in our window __init__ .

Now that we have access to the context via self.Ctx we can use it this in any place we want to reference these external resources.

The first time we access self.Ctx.Img_bomb the file will be loaded, the qimage created and returned. On subsequent calls, we’ll get the image from the cache.

Those are all the changes needed to get the moonsweeper app packageable with fbs. If you open up the source folder you should be able to start it up as before.

If that’s working, you’re ready to move onto freezing and building in the installer.

Freezing the app

Freezing is the process of turning a python application into a standalone executable that can run on another user’s computer. Use the following command to turn the app's source code into a standalone executable:

The resulting executable depends on the platform you freeze on — the executable will only work on the OS you built it on (e.G. An executable built on windows will run on another windows computer, but not on a mac).

Windows will create an .Exe executable in the folder target/

Macos X will create an .App application bundle in target/.App

Linux will create an executable in the folder target/

On windows you may need to install the windows 10 SDK, although fbs will prompt you if this is the case.

Creating the installer

While you can share the executable files with users, desktop applications are normally distributed with installers which handle the process of putting the executable (and any other files) in the correct place. See the following sections for platform-specific notes before creating

You must freeze your app first then create the installer.

Windows installer

The windows installer allows your users to pick the installation directory for the executable and adds your app to the user’s start menu. The app is also added to installed programs, allowing it to be uninstalled by your users.

Before you create installers on windows you will need to install NSIS and ensure its installation directory is in your PATH . You can then build an installer using —

The windows installer will be created at target/setup.Exe .

Moonsweeper windows NSIS installer

Mac installer

There are no additional steps to create a macos installer. Just run the fbs command —

Moonsweeper mac disk image

Linux installer

To build installers on linux you need to install the ruby tool effing package management! — use the installation guide to get it set up. Once that is in place you can use the standard command to create the linux package file.

The resulting package will be created under the target/ folder. Depending on your platform the package file will be named .Deb , .Pkg.Tar.Xz or .Rpm . Your users can install this file with their package manager.

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